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Archaeological Sources of Ancient Indian History (UPSC)

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Archaeology is the study of the human past though material remains. Material remains range from vestiges of grand palaces and temples to the small, discarded products of everyday human activity such as pieces of broken pottery. They include different things such as structures, artefact, bones, seeds, pollen, seals, coins, sculptures, and inscriptions.   Archaeology is based on Scientific Observation. Thus it helps us to dig the mound in a systematic manner, in successive layers to form an idea of Material life of People in the Past. Radiocarbon or C-14 helps us to determine the age of objects and with the help of Pollen Analysis we got to know the history of climate and vegetation of the past. Culture   Material evidence is a key to understanding human behaviour and experience.   It is not enough to describe a stone tool or pot; the challenge is to get the stone   tool or pot to tell their stories about the people who made and used them. As the   products of craft traditions and part
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Indian Pre Historic Period - Paleolithic. (Indian Stone Age)

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  Classifying the Indian Stone Age   The three-age system—the idea that there was an age of stone tools, followed by    one dominated by those of bronze and then of iron—was first put forward in the    late 18th and early 19th centuries by the Danish scholars P. F. Suhm and    Christian Thomsen. The accuracy of this theory was proved by excavations by    another Danish scholar, Jacob Worsaae. The next important step was to identify    changes within the stone age. In 1863, John Lubbock divided the stone age into    two parts, the  palaeolithic  and  neolithic . A few years later, Edouard Lartet    suggested the division of the palaeolithic into the lower, middle, and upper    palaeolithic, largely on the basis of changes in fauna associated with the    different tool types. Archaeologists gradually identified distinct tool-making    traditions within the palaeolithic and also recognized the significance of changes    in subsistence patterns within the stone age. The use of the term  me
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Understanding Literary Source of Ancient India

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  Understanding Literary Source Of Ancient India In 1148   CE , rary and scholarly ambitions, began writing a bKalhana, a man with  liteook. Kalhana belonged to a well-connected Brahmana family of Kashmir. His father Chanpaka was at one time closely associated with the royal court, but by the time Kalhana was born, the family had fallen out of favour. Kalhana worked hard for two years, recording local traditions and examining manuscripts, chronicles, inscriptions, coins, and monuments. He drew on his family members’ political experience and his personal observation of events that were unfolding in his own lifetime. The book was completed in 1150  CE  and was titled  Rajatarangini  (River of Kings). Consisting of eight cantos, each called a  taranga  (wave), it gave a connected account of the kings of Kashmir from the early ones of legend to the historical rulers of the 12th century.       Kalhana is often described as India’s first historian. He asserts in the  Rajatarangini  that a pe
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